Malinga ndi gululi, masensa a infrared amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma sensor amafuta ndi ma photon sensors.

Sensa yotentha

Chowunikira chotenthetsera chimagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chodziwikiratu kuti chitenge cheza cha infrared kuti chiwonjezere kutentha, kenako ndikutsagana ndi kusintha kwazinthu zina. Kuyeza kusintha kwa zinthu zakuthupizi kumatha kuyeza mphamvu kapena mphamvu zomwe zimatengera. Njira yeniyeni ndi iyi: Chinthu choyamba ndikutenga cheza cha infrared ndi chowunikira kutentha kuti chiwonjezeke; sitepe yachiwiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zina za kutentha kwa chojambulira kutentha kuti atembenuke kukwera kwa kutentha kukhala kusintha kwa magetsi. Pali mitundu inayi ya kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: mtundu wa thermistor, mtundu wa thermocouple, mtundu wa pyroelectric, ndi mtundu wa pneumatic wa Gaolai.

# Mtundu wa Thermistor

Pambuyo pa zinthu zomwe sizimatenthedwa ndi kutentha zimatengera ma radiation a infrared, kutentha kumakwera ndipo mtengo wokana umasintha. Kukula kwa kusintha kwamphamvu kumayenderana ndi mphamvu ya radiation ya infrared. Zowunikira za infuraredi zomwe zimapangidwa posintha kukana pambuyo poti chinthu chayamwa ma radiation ya infrared amatchedwa thermistors. Ma thermitors nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kutentha kwa kutentha. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma thermistors: zitsulo ndi semiconductor.

R(T)=AT−CeD/T

R (T): mtengo wokana; T: kutentha; A, C, D: zokhazikika zomwe zimasiyana ndi zinthu.

Thermistor yachitsulo imakhala ndi kutentha kwabwino kwa kukana, ndipo mtengo wake wonse ndi wochepa kuposa wa semiconductor. Ubale pakati pa kukana ndi kutentha kwenikweni ndi mzere, ndipo uli ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwa kutentha kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kuyeza kutentha;

Semiconductor thermistors ndi zosiyana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ma radiation, monga ma alarm, chitetezo cha moto, ndi kufufuza ndi kufufuza kwa radiator.

# Thermocouple mtundu

Thermocouple, yomwe imatchedwanso thermocouple, ndiye chida choyambirira kwambiri chodziwira thermoelectric, ndipo mfundo yake yogwira ntchito ndi pyroelectric effect. Mphambano wopangidwa ndi zida ziwiri zosiyana zopangira ma electromotive pa mphambanoyo. Mapeto a thermocouple kulandira ma radiation amatchedwa otentha kumapeto, ndipo mapeto ena amatchedwa ozizira mapeto. Zomwe zimatchedwa thermoelectric effect, ndiye kuti, ngati zida ziwiri zosiyana za conductor zimagwirizanitsidwa mu chipika, pamene kutentha pamagulu awiriwa kumakhala kosiyana, zamakono zidzapangidwa mu chipika.

Kuti apititse patsogolo kuyamwa kokwanira, zojambulazo zagolide zakuda zimayikidwa pamapeto otentha kuti apange zinthu za thermocouple, zomwe zimatha kukhala zitsulo kapena semiconductor. Kapangidwe kake kakhoza kukhala mzere kapena mawonekedwe ozungulira, kapena filimu yopyapyala yopangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa vacuum deposition kapena ukadaulo wa Photolithography. Ma thermocouples amtundu wa gulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyezera kutentha, ndipo ma thermocouples amtundu wopyapyala (opangidwa ndi ma thermocouple ambiri motsatizana) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyeza ma radiation.

Nthawi yosasinthasintha ya mtundu wa thermocouple infrared detector ndi yayikulu, kotero kuti nthawi yoyankhira ndi yayitali, ndipo mawonekedwe osinthika amakhala osauka. Mafupipafupi a kusintha kwa ma radiation kumbali yakumpoto ayenera kukhala pansi pa 10HZ. Pochita ntchito, ma thermocouples angapo nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa mndandanda kuti apange thermopile kuti azindikire kukula kwa radiation ya infrared.

# Mtundu wa Pyroelectric

Pyroelectric infrared detectors amapangidwa ndi pyroelectric crystals kapena "ferroelectrics" ndi polarization. Pyroelectric crystal ndi mtundu wa piezoelectric crystal, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana ndi centrosymmetric. Mwachilengedwe, malo opangira zabwino ndi zoyipa sizigwirizana mbali zina, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zolipiritsa polarized kumapangidwa pamtunda wa kristalo, womwe umatchedwa polarization modzidzimutsa. Pamene kutentha kwa kristalo kumasintha, kungayambitse pakati pazitsulo zabwino ndi zoipa za kristalo kuti zisunthike, kotero kuti polarization malipiro pamtunda amasintha moyenera. Nthawi zambiri pamwamba pake pamakhala magetsi oyandama mumlengalenga ndikusunga mphamvu yamagetsi. Pamene pamwamba pa ferroelectric ali mu mphamvu yamagetsi, pamene kuwala kwa infuraredi kumawunikiridwa pamwamba pake, kutentha kwa ferroelectric (mapepala) kumakwera mofulumira, mphamvu ya polarization imatsika mofulumira, ndipo malipiro omangirira amachepetsa kwambiri; pamene mtengo woyandama pamwamba umasintha pang'onopang'ono. Palibe kusintha mu thupi lamkati la ferroelectric.

M'kanthawi kochepa kwambiri kuchokera pakusintha kwamphamvu kwa polarization komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kupita ku gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi pamtunda kachiwiri, milandu yoyandama yochulukirapo imawonekera pamwamba pa ferroelectric, yomwe ili yofanana ndi kutulutsa gawo lachiwongolero. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa pyroelectric effect. Popeza zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti mtengo waulere ukhazikike pamtunda, zimatengera masekondi pang'ono, ndipo nthawi yopumula ya polarization ya kristalo ndi yochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi masekondi 10-12, kotero pyroelectric crystal imatha kuyankha kutentha kwachangu.

# Gaolai pneumatic mtundu

Pamene mpweya umatenga cheza cha infuraredi pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kusunga voliyumu inayake, kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo kupanikizika kumawonjezeka. Kukula kwa kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumayenderana ndi mphamvu yanyedwe ya infuraredi, kotero kuti mphamvu ya radiation ya infuraredi imatha kuyeza. Zowunikira ma infrared zopangidwa ndi mfundo zapamwambazi zimatchedwa zowunikira mpweya, ndipo chubu cha Gao Lai ndi chowunikira mpweya.

Photon sensor

Ma Photon infrared detectors amagwiritsa ntchito zida zina za semiconductor kuti apange photoelectric zotsatira poyatsa ma radiation ya infrared kuti asinthe mphamvu zamagetsi zazinthuzo. Poyesa kusintha kwa magetsi, mphamvu ya ma radiation ya infrared imatha kutsimikiziridwa. Ma infrared detectors opangidwa ndi photoelectric effect amatchedwa kuti photon detectors. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndizokhudzidwa kwambiri, kuthamanga kwachangu komanso kuyankha kwachangu. Koma nthawi zambiri imayenera kugwira ntchito pakatentha kwambiri, ndipo gulu lodziwikiratu ndi lopapatiza.

Malinga ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya chojambulira cha photon, imatha kugawidwa kukhala chojambula chakunja ndi chojambula chamkati. Zojambula zamkati zamkati zimagawidwa kukhala zowunikira ma photoconductive, zowunikira ma photovoltaic ndi zowunikira za photomagnetoelectric.

# Photodetector yakunja (chipangizo cha PE)

Pamene kuwala kumachitika pamwamba pa zitsulo zina, zitsulo oxides kapena semiconductors, ngati photon mphamvu yaikulu mokwanira, pamwamba akhoza kutulutsa ma elekitironi. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa kuti photoelectron emission, yomwe ndi ya kunja kwa photoelectric effect. Machubu a Phototube ndi ma photomultiplier chubu ndi a mtundu uwu wa chojambulira mafoto. Kuthamanga kwachangu kumathamanga, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, mankhwala a chubu cha photomultiplier ali ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza photon imodzi, koma kutalika kwa kutalika kwake kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 1700nm kokha.

# Photoconductive detector

Pamene semiconductor imatenga zochitika za photons, ma elekitironi ena ndi mabowo mu semiconductor amasintha kuchoka ku dziko lopanda conductive kupita ku dziko laulere lomwe lingathe kuyendetsa magetsi, potero kumawonjezera kuyendetsa kwa semiconductor. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa photoconductivity effect. Zofufuza za infrared zopangidwa ndi photoconductive zotsatira za semiconductors zimatchedwa photoconductive detectors. Pakalipano, ndi mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri wa photon detector.

# Photovoltaic detector (PU chipangizo)

Pamene ma radiation a infuraredi amawunikiridwa pa mphambano ya PN ya zinthu zina za semiconductor, pansi pa mphamvu ya magetsi mu PN mphambano, ma elekitironi aulere m'dera la P amapita kudera la N, ndipo mabowo a m'dera la N amasunthira P dera. Ngati mgwirizano wa PN uli wotseguka, mphamvu yowonjezera yamagetsi imapangidwa pamapeto onse a PN otchedwa photo electromotive force. Zowunikira zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha electromotive force effect zimatchedwa photovoltaic detectors kapena junction infrared detectors.

# Optical magnetoelectric detector

Mphamvu ya maginito imagwiritsidwa ntchito pambali pa chitsanzo. Pamene semiconductor pamwamba imatenga photons, ma electron ndi mabowo opangidwa amafalikira m'thupi. Panthawi ya kufalikira, ma electron ndi mabowo amachotsedwa kumapeto kwa chitsanzo chifukwa cha mphamvu ya maginito ofananira nawo. Pali kusiyana pakati pa malekezero onse awiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa opto-magnetoelectric effect. Zowunikira zopangidwa ndi chithunzi-magnetoelectric effect zimatchedwa photo-magneto-electric detectors (zomwe zimatchedwa PEM zipangizo).